Distinct -> no duplication
Dual -> dummy table which has only one row & one column used for math expression.
alias -> another name
in abs-> they have math & date function
negative -> postive
power -> select power(3,2) from dual;
ans: 9
round off(right side,floor) :
select floor(3.466) from dual;
FLOOR(3.466)
------------
3
round off(ceil,left side):
SQL> select ceil(3.466) from dual;
CEIL(3.466)
-----------
4
square root:
select sqrt(9) from dual;
SQRT(9)
----------
3
log:
select log(10,10) from dual;
LOG(10,10)
----------
1
Upper case:
select UPPER('welcome hcl') from dual;
UPPER('WELC
-----------
WELCOME HCL
INTIAL CAP:
select INITCAP('welcome hcl') from dual;
INITCAP('WE
-----------
Welcome Hcl
2.SQL> select INITCAP('welcome hcl') as "Text" from dual;
Text
-----------
Welcome Hcl
sub string:
select substr('Welcome',1,3) from dual;
SUB
---
Wel
-------------------------------------------------
UPDATING TABLE TO UPPER CASE:
-------------------------------------------------
update student
2 set name = UPPER(name);
5 rows updated.
SQL> select * from student;
SNO NAME DOB GRADE LOCATION
---------- ------------------------------ --------- ------ --------
101 VARDHAN 17-NOV-22 9 AP
102 KRUPA 18-FEB-22 9.5 AP
103 MAHA 19-MAR-22 8.6 AP
104 LOKI 20-APR-22 9.6 AP
105 INUSHA 23-OCT-22 9.8 AP
DISTINCT:
1. select distinct grade from student;
GRADE
------
9.5
9.6
9
8.6
9.8
COUNT: HOW MANY RECORDS THERE IN PARTICULAR TABLE.
1.select count(*) from student;
COUNT(*)
----------
5
2. counting particular record;
select count(grade) from student where grade=9.8;
COUNT(GRADE)
------------
1
